Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the external genitalia of women, specifically the vulva. It primarily affects the skin of the vulva and can involve the labia, clitoris, and surrounding areas.

Types:

  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, arising from the skin cells of the vulva.
  2. Melanoma: A more aggressive form that originates from melanocytes (pigment-producing cells).
  3. Adenocarcinoma: Arises from glandular tissue in the vulva.
  4. Basal Cell Carcinoma: Less common but can occur in the vulvar region.

Risk Factors:

  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Certain strains of HPV are linked to vulvar cancer.
  • Age: Most commonly diagnosed in older women, typically over 60.
  • Chronic Skin Conditions: Conditions like lichen sclerosus can increase risk.
  • Smoking: Tobacco use is associated with a higher risk of various cancers, including vulvar cancer.
  • Weakened Immune System: Conditions that impair the immune system may increase risk.

Symptoms:

  • Lump or Mass: A growth or lump in the vulvar area.
  • Itching or Irritation: Persistent itching that doesn’t go away.
  • Pain: Discomfort or pain in the vulvar region.
  • Changes in Skin: Changes in color, texture, or appearance of the vulvar skin.
  • Abnormal Bleeding or Discharge: Unexplained bleeding or unusual discharge.

Diagnosis:

  • Pelvic Examination: A thorough examination to check for abnormalities.
  • Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from any suspicious areas for laboratory analysis.
  • Imaging Tests: CT scans or MRIs may be used to determine if cancer has spread.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery: The primary treatment, which may involve the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue, or a complete vulvectomy (removal of the vulva).
  2. Radiation Therapy: Can be used alone or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.
  3. Chemotherapy: May be considered in advanced cases or for certain types of vulvar cancer.
  4. Targeted Therapy: Emerging treatments that target specific cancer characteristics.

Prognosis:

The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage vulvar cancer has a good prognosis, with higher survival rates, while advanced stages may have a poorer outlook.

Prevention:

  • HPV Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV can reduce the risk of vulvar cancer.
  • Regular Gynecological Exams: Routine check-ups can help with early detection of abnormalities.
  • Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms and limiting sexual partners can reduce HPV risk.