Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, the reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones. It’s often diagnosed at a later stage due to subtle symptoms and a lack of effective screening methods.

Types:

  1. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: The most common type, arising from the outer layer of the ovary.
  2. Germ Cell Tumors: These develop from the cells that produce eggs; they are more common in younger women.
  3. Stromal Tumors: These originate in the supportive tissue of the ovary, which produces hormones.

Risk Factors:

  • Family History: A history of ovarian or breast cancer in close relatives may indicate genetic predisposition.
  • Genetic Mutations: Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase risk.
  • Age: Risk increases with age, particularly after menopause.
  • Reproductive History: Having no children or having children later in life may increase risk.
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy: Some studies suggest long-term use may elevate risk.

Symptoms:

Symptoms can be vague and may include:

  • Abdominal bloating or swelling
  • Quickly feeling full while eating
  • Pelvic or abdominal pain
  • Changes in bowel habits (like constipation)
  • Frequent urination

Diagnosis:

  • Pelvic Examination: A doctor checks for abnormalities in the ovaries.
  • Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRIs to visualize the ovaries.
  • Blood Tests: Measuring levels of CA-125, a protein that may be elevated in ovarian cancer.
  • Biopsy: A definitive diagnosis is made through a biopsy of ovarian tissue.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery: The primary treatment, often involving the removal of one or both ovaries (oophorectomy) and possibly the uterus.
  2. Chemotherapy: Usually follows surgery, especially if the cancer is advanced; it uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
  3. Targeted Therapy: Treatments that specifically target cancer cell characteristics, such as PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutated cancers.
  4. Hormonal Therapy: In certain cases, hormonal treatments may be used.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for ovarian cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage detection often leads to better outcomes, but many women are diagnosed at advanced stages due to the lack of specific symptoms.

Prevention:

  • Genetic Testing: For those with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic counseling and testing can inform risk-reduction strategies.
  • Preventive Surgery: Some women with high genetic risk may choose to have preventive surgery to remove ovaries and fallopian tubes.
  • Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use of birth control pills has been associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.