Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, originates in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system.
Types:
- Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, typically linked to hormone levels.
- Serous Carcinoma: More aggressive and often diagnosed at a later stage.
- Clear Cell Carcinoma: A less common but aggressive form.
- Uterine Sarcomas: These develop from the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus and are rare.
Risk Factors:
- Age: Most cases occur in women over 50, especially postmenopausal women.
- Obesity: Excess body fat increases estrogen levels, a significant risk factor.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and estrogen replacement therapy without progesterone can elevate risk.
- Family History: A history of uterine, breast, or colorectal cancers may increase risk.
- Diabetes and Hypertension: Associated with higher risk of endometrial cancer.
Symptoms:
- Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: Especially after menopause or between periods.
- Pelvic Pain: Discomfort or pain in the pelvic region.
- Unusual Discharge: Watery or blood-stained discharge not related to menstruation.
- Changes in Bowel Habits: Occasionally, may experience changes like constipation.
Diagnosis:
- Pelvic Examination: A thorough examination to check for abnormalities.
- Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound can help assess the endometrial lining.
- Endometrial Biopsy: A definitive diagnosis is often made through biopsy, where a sample of the endometrium is taken for analysis.
- Hysteroscopy: A procedure to directly visualize the inside of the uterus and obtain biopsies.
Treatment:
- Surgery: The primary treatment often involves a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and possibly removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
- Radiation Therapy: Used post-surgery or for advanced cases to kill remaining cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: May be considered for advanced or recurrent cancer.
- Hormonal Therapy: Can be effective for hormone receptor-positive tumors.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for endometrial cancer is generally good, particularly when diagnosed early. The five-year survival rate for localized endometrial cancer is quite high, but it decreases for more advanced stages.
Prevention:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Reducing obesity can lower risk.
- Regular Check-ups: Annual gynecological exams can help with early detection.
- Manage Hormonal Health: Discuss hormonal treatments with a doctor if you have conditions that affect estrogen levels.
- Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use of birth control pills has been associated with a reduced risk.