Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It’s primarily caused by persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Types:

  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, originating in the flat cells lining the cervix.
  2. Adenocarcinoma: Begins in the glandular cells that produce mucus.
  3. Other Rare Types: Includes small cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors.

Risk Factors:

  • HPV Infection: The primary risk factor; most sexually active individuals will get HPV at some point, but not all develop cancer.
  • Smoking: Increases the risk of cervical cancer.
  • Immunosuppression: Conditions like HIV can make it harder for the body to fight HPV.
  • Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Extended use may increase risk.
  • Multiple Full-Term Pregnancies: More pregnancies can increase risk.
  • Family History: A history of cervical cancer in the family can be a factor.

Symptoms:

In early stages, cervical cancer may not show symptoms. As it progresses, symptoms can include:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or post-menopause)
  • Unusual vaginal discharge
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain during intercourse

Diagnosis:

  • Pap Smear: A screening test that detects precancerous changes in cervical cells.
  • HPV Testing: Often done alongside Pap tests to check for high-risk HPV strains.
  • Biopsy: A sample of cervical tissue may be taken for further examination if abnormalities are found.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery: Options include conization (removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue), hysterectomy, or lymph node removal.
  2. Radiation Therapy: Often used in combination with other treatments for more advanced cancer.
  3. Chemotherapy: Used for more advanced stages, often in conjunction with radiation.
  4. Targeted Therapy: Emerging treatments that target specific cancer cell characteristics.

Prevention:

  • HPV Vaccination: Vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix can protect against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical cancer.
  • Regular Screenings: Routine Pap smears and HPV tests can help catch precancerous changes early.
  • Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce HPV risk.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for cervical cancer is often good if detected early. Regular screenings and HPV vaccination have significantly reduced incidence rates in many parts of the world.