Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women, though it can also occur in men. It develops when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors.

Types:

  1. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type, starting in the milk ducts and invading nearby tissue.
  2. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Begins in the lobules (milk-producing glands) and can spread to surrounding tissue.
  3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive form where abnormal cells are contained in the ducts.
  4. Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): Considered a marker for increased risk rather than cancer itself.
  5. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Lacks three common receptors; tends to be more aggressive.
  6. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Involves excess HER2 protein, promoting rapid cell growth.

Risk Factors:

  • Genetics: Family history, especially mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
  • Age: Risk increases as women age.
  • Reproductive History: Early menstruation, late menopause, having no children, or having children later in life.
  • Lifestyle Factors: Alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of physical activity.

Symptoms:

  • A lump or mass in the breast or underarm.
  • Changes in breast shape or size.
  • Swelling or irritation of breast skin.
  • Unexplained pain or discomfort in the breast.

Diagnosis:

  • Mammograms: X-rays of the breast to detect abnormalities.
  • Ultrasound: To further investigate lumps.
  • Biopsy: Taking a sample of tissue for examination.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery: Lumpectomy (removal of the tumor) or mastectomy (removal of one or both breasts).
  2. Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation to kill cancer cells.
  3. Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
  4. Hormonal Therapy: For cancers that are hormone receptor-positive, reducing hormone levels can help.
  5. Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell characteristics (like HER2).

Prevention:

  • Regular screenings (like mammograms) starting at recommended ages.
  • Healthy lifestyle choices: maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and limiting alcohol intake.
  • Genetic testing and preventive measures for those with a strong family history.