Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, starts in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system.
Types:
- Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, originating from the endometrial glands.
- Serous Carcinoma: A more aggressive type often diagnosed at a later stage.
- Clear Cell Carcinoma: Another aggressive form, usually associated with poor outcomes.
- Uterine Sarcomas: These arise from the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus and are less common.
Risk Factors:
- Age: Most cases occur in postmenopausal women, typically over 50.
- Obesity: Excess body fat increases estrogen levels, which can lead to an increased risk.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Conditions that increase estrogen without progesterone (like polycystic ovary syndrome) can heighten risk.
- Family History: A family history of uterine, breast, or colorectal cancers may increase risk.
- Diabetes and Hypertension: These conditions are associated with higher risk.
Symptoms:
Symptoms may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially post-menopause)
- Heavy or irregular periods
- Pelvic pain
- Unexplained weight loss
- Discharge from the vagina (not related to menstruation)
Diagnosis:
- Pelvic Exam: A doctor checks for abnormalities.
- Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound can help evaluate the endometrium.
- Endometrial Biopsy: A sample of the endometrial tissue is taken for examination.
- Hysteroscopy: A procedure to view the inside of the uterus and potentially take a biopsy.
Treatment:
- Surgery: The primary treatment is often a hysterectomy, which involves removing the uterus and possibly the cervix and ovaries.
- Radiation Therapy: Used post-surgery or for advanced cases to kill remaining cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: May be used for more advanced or recurrent cancer.
- Hormonal Therapy: In cases that are hormone receptor-positive, hormone therapy can help slow growth.
Prognosis:
The prognosis is generally good when detected early. The five-year survival rate for localized endometrial cancer is quite high, but it decreases for advanced stages.
Prevention:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Reducing obesity can lower risk.
- Manage Hormonal Health: Discuss hormonal treatments with a doctor if you have conditions that affect estrogen levels.
- Regular Check-ups: Annual gynecological exams can help with early detection of abnormalities.